国际30年来土壤食物网的研究历程与热点分析

利用文献计量学方法,研究1989—2018年来土壤食物网研究领域的热点内容,概括土壤食物网的研究脉络及国际土壤食物网未来的研究方向。结果显示:土壤生物多样性、食物网的碳氮循环功能及管理方式对土壤食物网结构的干扰是现在研究热点,而土壤食物网功能多样性、系统稳定性、及土壤食物网对全球变化的响应则是新兴的研究方向。     

68个大豆品种(系)遗传多样性分析

为保持大豆杂种优势利用中亲本的遗传差异,利用64对SSR引物对68个大豆品种(系)包括53个中国品种(系)和15个美国品种进行遗传多样性与亲缘关系分析。结果表明,共检测到375个等位基因变异,平均每个位点检测到的等位变异数为5.86个,变化范围为2～12个,其中53个中国品种(系)检测到373个等位基因变异,平均为5.83个,变化范围为2～12个,15个美国品种检测到288个等位基因变异,平均为4.50个,变化范围为2～9个;总的位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变化范围为0.366～0.900,平均为0.677,其中53个中国品种(系)变化范围为0.370～0.909,平均为0.682,15个美国品种变化范围为0.309～0.817,平均为0.590。聚类分析表明:68个大豆品种(系)的遗传相似系数(GS)变幅为0.529～0.973,平均GS值0.707,在相似系数0.65处,可将供试的品种(系)聚为2大类,第Ⅱ类在相似系数0.69处又可分为5个亚类。     

新农科背景下《生物统计学与试验设计》教学模式改革

《生物统计学与试验设计》是种子科学与工程专业重要的专业基础课和专业主干课,是一门实践性较强的工具性学科,在教学过程中,逐步建立了以培养新型农林人才为目标的课程教学体系,教学方法多元化、重视实践教学、强化过程性考核,对学生实践能力的培养收到较好的教学效果。     

瓜实蝇龄期和密度对蝇蛹金小蜂寄生能力的影响

蝇蛹金小蜂是蝇类害虫重要的蛹期寄生性天敌，为了评价其对蔬菜上重要害虫瓜实蝇的控害潜能，本文就蝇蛹金小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹的寄生潜能进行了研究，建立了功能反应和干扰效应数学模型。结果表明，蝇蛹金小蜂对不同蛹龄瓜实蝇蛹的寄生功能反应均符合 HollingⅡ模型，但不同蛹龄之间的功能反应参数存在差异。蝇蛹金小蜂对 2 日龄、4 日龄和 6 日龄瓜实蝇蛹的模方程分别为 Na = 0.478 0N0/(1+0.010N0)、Na = 0.474 0N0/(1+0.008 6N0) 和 Na = 0.476 4N0/(1+0.009 9N0)。蝇蛹金小蜂自身密度也会对寄生产生一定的干扰效应，用 Hassell-Varley 模型拟合，蝇蛹金小蜂干扰效应方程可表示为：a = 0.071 9P –0.252 6。     

Fish functional diversity responses following flood pulses in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Flood pulses are the main force driving the dynamics of aquatic communities in floodplains. The responses of communities to environmental changes following flood pulses usually demand a time lag to appear and reach the climax. We assembled a data set of 16 years of fish samplings to assess the relationship between water level and four functional diversity measures, in the upper Paraná River floodplain. Specifically, we approached four aspects of each relationship between water level and functional diversity: nature (positive or negative), sensitivity (response intensity), responsiveness (response delay) and extent (response duration). The nature of the relationship between water level and functional diversity was positive in all cases. Functional richness (FRic) responded right after flood pulses, although with shorter extent. Abundance‐dependent functional measures (evenness—FEve; divergence—FDiv; and Rao's quadratic entropy—Rao's Q) presented delayed responses, reaching peaks more than 1.5 years after flood pulses. Significant effects of floods on fish functional diversity were observed for more than 3 years, although the highest functional diversity was observed with 1.8 years, on average. More importantly, flood pulses had no longer significant effects on functional diversity after 4 years. Regarding conservation strategies in regulated systems, flood events should occur every 2 or 3 years, with adequate timing (October‐November), intensity (up to 450 cm) and duration (at least 50 uninterrupted days). Intervals longer than 3 years or inadequate timing, intensity and duration could dramatically decrease functional diversity and compromise ecosystem services.     

Beaver dams,streamflow complexity,and the distribution of a rare minnow,Lepidomeda copei

Freshwater fishes are threatened globally, and often too little is known about threatened species to effectively guide their conservation. Habitat complexity is linked to fish species diversity and persistence, and degraded streams often lack habitat complexity. Beaver Castor spp., in turn, have been used to restore streams and increase habitat complexity. The northern leatherside chub Lepidomeda copei is a rare, small‐bodied, drift‐feeding minnow that has anecdotally been observed to use complex habitats associated with beaver dams in the western United States. To investigate this anecdote, we conducted fish and habitat surveys, the latter focusing on quantifying habitat complexity, in a sub‐basin of the Upper Snake River Basin in the USA. Complementary generalised linear model and path analyses revealed that northern leatherside chub occurred more often at sites with complex streamflows, and streamflows were more complex when beaver dams were present and pools were deeper. Northern leatherside chubs were also more likely to occur when temperatures were warmer, aquatic macrophytes were abundant and stream channels were narrow and deep. The linkage between chubs, complex streamflows and beaver dams needs to be evaluated more broadly to completely understand its role in the rangewide status of the species. However, it does suggests that increased use of beaver reintroductions and dam analogues for stream restoration could be a boon for the northern leatherside chub, but such efforts should be monitored to determine their effectiveness to help adapt beaver‐based restoration approaches to best benefit the species.     

东北三省大豆种质品质性状鉴评与综合分析

根据目标性状有的放矢的选配杂交亲本是提高优异品质组成品种的选择效率的基本前提。本研究对东北三省102份大豆种质资源的蛋白、氨基酸组分、油份及脂肪酸组分进行测定,通过遗传多样性、主成分和聚类分析,对其进行表型鉴定及基因型分类以综合评价种质品质特性。结果表明:东北三省大豆种质油份及脂肪酸组分变异较丰富,遗传多样性程度较高。根据主成分分析筛选到9个主成分进行聚类分析,通过聚类分析将供试种质资源分为5类。第I类群蛋白含量较高、油份含量偏低,第II类群蛋白、油份含量均居中,第III类群油份含量较高、蛋白含量偏低,第IV类群高油,第V类群高蛋白,类群间的氨基酸、脂肪酸组分各有差异。需根据育种目标在群体间选配亲本,以提高品质育种的效率。     

武夷岩茶种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系的SRAP分析

本研究利用SRAP-PCR反应体系,从88对SRAP引物组合中筛选出43对引物组合,对武夷岩茶主要的30份种质资源进行SRAP分析,共扩增出385条带,其中具有多态性的有236条带,占总数的61.30%,表明30份武夷岩茶种质呈现一定的遗传多样性。武夷岩茶种质资源间遗传距离变幅在0.31~0.98之间,平均为0.63,基于SRAP标记利用系统聚类法把武夷岩茶分为三大类,为武夷岩茶遗传研究、品种选育与资源保护提供参考。     

核桃种质资源果实性状的遗传多样性分析

[目的]研究核桃果实性状遗传多样性。[方法]以53份山东省果树研究所国家核桃种质资源圃的核桃坚果为研究对象,测定横径、纵径、侧径、干果重、仁重、出仁率、壳厚等主要数量性状。[结果]53个核桃家系坚果重为7.95320.719 g,果仁重为4.854 9.866 g,出仁率为39.15%71.57%,横径为27.72539.463 mm,纵径为31.83548.223 mm,侧径为31.15741.435 mm,壳厚为0.5641.794 mm。其中,果仁重、干果重、壳厚具有相对较高的变异系数,分别为14.19%、18.51%、22.13%。[结论]调查的核桃资源遗传多样性丰富,果仁重、单果重和壳厚可作为核桃良种选育的重要参考指标。     

The microbial diversity and structure in peatland forest in Indonesia

The microbial community structure and function under forest in tropical peatlands are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the microbial community structure and diversity in natural peat swamp forest soil, disturbed peat soil and mineral soil in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that the natural peat soil had the greatest fungal species richness (Chao1), which was significantly (p < .05) larger than that in the other two soils. Community structure of both fungi and bacteria in natural peat soil differed significantly from that in the disturbed peat soil (p = .039 and p = .045, respectively). Ascomycota (40.5%) was the most abundant phylum across the three soils followed by Basidiomycota (18.8%), Zygomycota (<0.1%) and Glomeromycota (<0.1%). The linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) showed that Ascomycota (p < .05) and genus Gliocephalotrichum (p < .05) dominated in natural peat soil. Functionally, pathotrophs were more abundant in disturbed peat soil (p < .05). Proteobacteria (43.8%) were the most abundant phylum followed by Acidobacteria (32.6%), Actinobacteria (9.8%), Planctomycetes (1.7%). Methylocystis, Telmatospirillum, Syntrophobacter, Sorangium and Opitutus were the more abundant genera in disturbed peat soil, whereas Nevskia and Schlesneria were more abundant in mineral soil and natural peat soil, respectively. The natural peat forest soil supported a more diverse microbiology; however, the land use of such a soil can change its microbial community structure. The results provide evidence that the disturbance of tropical peat land could lead to the introduction and spread of a large number of fungal diseases